Malaria is an infectious disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium.
There are five species that infect humans. The increase in the appearance of
multiresistant strains to the current antimalarial therapeutic arsenal makes it
necessary to search for new biologically active compounds to treat the disease.
The use of molecular modeling techniques has gained prominence in recent
decades for making the drug development process faster and cheaper. This

work evaluated in silico two classes of potential antimalarial compounds, the N-
acylhydrazones and the β-carbolines. The results were generated from

molecular docking calculations against a Plasmodium facilparum target
database, the BraMMT. Of the seven derivatives of N-acylhydrazones evaluated
during in vitro tests, three of them showed activity and were evaluated in silico
for analysis of the mechanism of action. Compound AH5 showed little selectivity
to targets, while AH4 showed greater affinity for the target 3PHC, which is
associated with purine synthesis in the parasite. The other part of the work
evaluated 20 β-carboline derivatives, of which 10 were selected in silico to be
synthesized. Derivatives showed affinity for the 2OK8 target, which is
associated with isoprenoid synthesis. The derivatives selected for synthesis
showed antiplasmodial activity in vitro and later in vivo, and in the latter, they
inhibited the development of cerebral malaria in mice. These results show that
the use of molecular modeling methods can help both in the study of the
mechanism of action of new compounds and in the selection of biologically
active compounds.

Zika virus (ZIKV) belongs to the Flavivirus genus and had global attention in 2015-2016. In this period an outbreak occurred in Brazil, and remains a public health concern, especially for pregnant women. Unfortunately, there is a lack of specific treatments or vaccines available for Zika virus disease making prevention the primary mode of controlling its spread. As a potential solution to this issue, medicinal plants are a rich source of bioactive compounds with numerous therapeutic properties and have been explored for their potential to treat viral infections. The Bauhinia genus has approximately 300 species, also known as 'Pata-de-vaca' or 'Unha-de-boi', that are widely distributed and often used in folk medicine to treat infections, pain and diabetes. Bauhinia holophylla has demonstrated a promising anti-Dengue activity. In light of this, considering that ZIKV and Dengue virus share many similarities, including vectors, mode of transmission and symptoms, the present study aimed to investigate the anti-Zika virus in vitro activity of the extract and fractions of Bauhinia holophylla leaves. The crude hydroethanolic extract of the leaves was obtained by extensive percolation and liquid-liquid partitions were used to produce the hydroethanolic, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate fractions. To identify the samples, phytochemical analyses were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography with a diode-array detector and mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MS). In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity and antiviral activity, the 50% cytotoxicity concentration (CC₅₀) and 50% effective concentration (EC₅₀) of the extract and fractions were determined by the 3-(4, 5- dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2, 5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using Vero cells. The concentrations of the extract and fractions tested ranged from 3.12 – 200 µg/mL and selectivity index (SI) was calculated by the ratio of CC₅₀ to EC₅₀. As results, the CC₅₀ results of all samples tested were between 92.4 to 191.1 µg/mL, showing moderate cytotoxic activity according to the NCI guidelines. With an EC₅₀ less than 15.0 µg/mL and SI of 13.4, the crude extract demonstrated the strongest anti-Zika activity. The results indicated that B. holophylla has a promising anti-Zika activity, which can be primarily attributed to the presence of flavonoids. To our knowledge, the biological activity of the Bauhinia genus has not been reported previously against ZIKV. Future research is required to evaluate antiviral mechanisms as well as in vivo studies

Mining activities are among the main sources of environmental contamination by heavy metals. In Brazil, the impacts caused by mining in the Rio Doce basin gained wide media coverage after the collapse of a tailings dam
of ore. In this environment, a mixture of heavy metals was observed, which can cause important changes in aquatic organisms such as fish. Against Furthermore, the objective of the present study was to identify and describe the impacts socio-environmental issues promoted by mining activities in the Rio Doce basin, as well as
such as investigating the effect of mixing heavy metals through changes behavioral and embryonic development of fish. For this, they were Two studies were conducted, in the first (Chapter 1) the chronological what is known about the environmental and social impacts caused by mining activities in the Rio Doce basin. In this study, impacts of mining on different levels of the ecosystem: from abiotic factors and molecular impacts to community impacts. While in the second study (Chapter 2) we used embryonic and behavioral markers of zebrafish (Danio rerio) to evaluate impacts caused by mixing metals. In this study, it was observed that the mixture of metals affects embryonic markers during early development (somitogenesis, hatching, and heartbeat), but not on markers of late development (length, locomotor behavior and thigmotaxis). Other an important finding is that in late markers the metals have an antagonistic effect on the mixture of metals, reducing the effects related to the individual exposure of metals. These results show that the mixture of heavy metals from mining in Rio Doce basin, may be affecting fish fitness in this environment

In recent years the concern and search for alternative fuels has intensified globally. In this scenario, studies aimed at the production of fuel alcohol and biodiesel in Brazil and in the world have become of fundamental importance, driving several sectors to seek technologies that can contribute to socioeconomic and environmental development. In this context, the present work aimed to integrate the two main Brazilian energy matrices, from the characterization of the co-products from the biodiesel chain to evaluate the potential for ethanol production, and also the production of this fuel from the most promising ones.

The objective of this work was to analyze different treatments in the in vitro cultivation of Cannabis sativa L., from germination to seedling propagation. In the seed germination stage, a disinfestation test was carried out with the seeds. After this process, the seeds were inoculated in different culture media, with and without the influence of light for the germination analysis, in addition to the application of scarification tests to break dormancy. It was concluded that the use of fungicide does not influence the disinfestation process, being effective only the use of sodium hypochlorite and 70% ethanol. Physical scarification is efficient in overcoming dormancy, reducing germination time. In 36 hours, germinated seeds were already observed, compared to the control group. In addition, the loss of seed viability was observed in long periods of storage at room temperature. In the second stage of the work, tests were carried out for the propagation of the seedlings. Nodal segments of seedlings in vitro were inoculated in MS culture medium, with different concentrations of auxins, AIA, AIB and ANA (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg/L) and also, in MS culture medium with pH variations, in order to verify the multiplication capacity of the explant. The best results in seedling development were obtained using MS medium with IBA, especially at the lowest concentration (0.5 mg/L). The pH 5.8 favored the growth of plants in vitro and with better root development.

The textile industry is present in all countries because of a human need for clothing and various utilitarian uses such as decoration, hospital, military, among others. According to data from the Brazilian Textile Industry Association (ABIT), apparel retail ended 2017 with 6.71 billion pieces sold, 6.5% more than in 2016, with sales of R$ 144 billion. According to the entity's balance sheet, investments in the sector in 2017 reached R$ 1.9 million and 3,500 jobs were created, totaling 1.48 million people employed in the sector. Given the size of the textile industry market, an important issue associated with production is wastewater treatment. Textile effluent is rich in salts and organic compounds such as dyes, surfactants, among other substances used to make fabrics resistant to physical, chemical and biological agents. With this in mind, this work aims to use the dry biomass of Eichhornia crassipes and Pistia stratiotes, two weeds, to remove by adsorption the dyes Remazol Red RR and Reactive black 5, both used in the textile industry.

This project aims to improve the establishment of Cannabis sativa seedlings cultivated in vitro, considering the different types of treatment with growth regulators; BAP and TDZ, and variations in the light and color spectrum. In the present research, the BAP regulator with a treatment of 1.0 mg/L was successful in the multiplication of shoots, having a significance of (p < 0.05) compared to the control group and the treatment with TDZ of 1.0 mg/L in the evaluation with 49 days. The TDZ and BAP regulators were not significant for root induction in any treatment (T1, T2 and T3). The TDZ regulator at a concentration of 2mg/L obtained the greatest root length.

Schistosomiasis, a neglected tropical parasitic disease caused by trematode worms of the genus Schistosoma, affects approximately 240 million people worldwide. Diagnosis can be performed by parasitological, molecular, and immunological methods. In order to effectively control and monitor schistosomiasis, new diagnostic methods are essential. Due to the long time needed to prepare crude antigens for the immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis, the preparation of recombinant antigens has become a promising alternative. In this sense, due to the need to develop a test with high sensitivity and specificity, the objective of this work is to optimize the conditions of an ELISA test for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni, with a view to technology transfer. In this context, using a rationally designed recombinant protein, the rSH1 protein, which was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (λDE3) pLysE and pLysS cells, was purified and used in an immunoassay. The maximization of the expression  processes was done through the Response Surface Methodology and the protein yield was from 0.034mg/mL to 1.234 mg/mL. The results suggest that the rSH1 protein is able to identify positive sera for schistosomiasis, however, it is still necessary to optimize parameters to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the assay. Thus, the rSH1 protein evaluated in this study has the potential to be used as a biotechnological input in the development of new strategies for the diagnosis of schistosomiasis.

The bioactive compounds of N-acylhydrazones are available as Promising substances in drug design and medicinal chemistry. On test in vitro, the compounds AH1, AH2, AH4, AH5 were active against the strain of Chloroquine resistant Plasmodium falciparum (W 2 ) and did not demonstrate toxicity against WI26 VA-4 human cell lines (LC 50 &gt; 100 µM). O compound AH5 and AH4 were the most active with an IC 50 value of 0.7 µM and 0.9 µM. Among the compounds tested, AH4 and AH5 were selected and selected for molecular docking calculations to elucidate possible targets involved in its mechanism of action and the SwissADME test to exemplify their pharmacokinetic data. Compound AH5 has affinity for 12 targets, low selectivity, while the compound AH4 has greater affinity for only one target (3PHC), so it was selected for map analysis pharmacophoric. In ADME in silico tests, the compounds met the Lipinski patterns, indicating good bioavailability results. These results demonstrate N-acylhydrazone compounds as candidates for future preclinical studies for malaria.

Probiotics are live microorganisms used as food supplements with beneficial effects related to the improvement of intestinal balance. Among the microorganisms considered probiotics, only those classified as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are considered important in relation to food. The high cost of production makes processes with probiotics unfeasible, so the use of renewable sources such as whey and low-cost supplementation can make the industrial production of these bacteria possible. This work aimed to optimize the production of biomass and microencapsulation of the Can7 strain, for use as a probiotic in fruit sorbet. By supplementing the whey with soy flour, the fractional factorial was performed in the Minitab18 program. High biomass concentrations were achieved using soybean flour extract as a medium supplementation, maintaining savings of 98.86% and 98.65% in relation to the use of peptone and yeast extract. The encapsulation of the Can7 strain by the emulsification/internal gelation technique with sodium alginate (5%) showed an efficiency of 87.5%. The increase in the survival rate under gastro conditions of the microcapsule was 65.62% in relation to the free cell. In the intestinal environment test, cell survivals in microcapsules were 57.69% higher than free ones. The microcapsules do not change the sensory characteristic of the sorbet. We conclude that soybean meal extract is a great option for a nitrogen source without loss of biomass production of the Can7 strain, making it possible to scale up the bioprocess. The microcapsule was effective in strain protection and a good resource to save on the amount of cells needed in probiotic foods.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most prevalent brain tumors. Your current therapy options include surgical resection followed by radiation and chemotherapy. For chemotherapy, temozolomide still serves as the main chemotherapy drug for GBM patients. However, patients remain with a low survival rate. In this context, new molecules have been studied for treatment, such as peptides isolated from animal venoms for their pharmacological properties, such as antitumor and antimicrobial activity, suggesting that they are promising candidates for the development of new drugs, especially for the treatment of GBM. In this study, the characterization of the Ly-1 peptide, isolated from the venom of the Lycosa erythrognatha spider, began. With the bioinformatics analysis it was possible to confirm in silico that the Ly-1 peptide is an amphipathic peptide and has an affinity for phospholipid membranes. Molecular modeling of the Ly-1 peptide performed in the Modeller program produced good statistical results, indicating that the model is plausible. The results obtained demonstrate that Ly-1 may be a promising peptide with antitumor activity.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing agricultural activity in Brazil and in the world, with its products being the healthiest and least impacting the environment. Brazil is among the 15 largest producers of fish in the world and occupies the fourth position among the largest producers of tilapia in the world, and it is estimated that in 20 years it will become the world's largest producer of farmed fish, with the leadership of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The country has the largest reserve of fresh water on the planet, has a favorable climate and many adaptable species, which contributes to the great growth of its production. Even though fish and fishery products are the least impacting on the environment, environmental impacts can be caused if correct management is not carried out in the breeding process. Effluents with large amounts of organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus are generated in the process, which contributes to the eutrophication of water bodies, with low availability of dissolved oxygen, resulting in the reduction or alteration of biodiversity. These factors can cause stress in the lives of fish, making them susceptible to pathogens. In this context, this work aims to study the action of Candida infanticola and Bacillus subtilis and Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria on the performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). For this, the diet of tilapia fingerlings was supplemented with L. plantarum, B. subtilis and C.infanticola and the effect of this supplementation on fish viability and performance, crude protein and dry matter digestibility, increase of fish intestinal microvilli, as well as on resistance to pathogen infection (in vitro) and pond water quality. Among the treatments used, there was a significant effect of the treatment containing B. subtilis on feed conversion. The treatment with L. plantarum and also with the microbial consortium (B. subtilis, L. plantarum and C. infanticola) presented feed conversion values close to the result obtained from supplementation with B. subtilis. There were no effects of treatments with diets supplemented with L. plantarum, C. infanticola and Control on final weight and weight gain. Regarding feed intake, the treatment with L. plantarum had the lowest consumption and the treatment with the microbial consortium had the highest feed consumption, not differing from the control diet and treatments with B. Subtilis and C. infanticola. The survival rate in all treatments was greater than 90%. In the digestibility analysis, there was no significant effect for the treatments regarding crude protein digestibility and dry matter digestibility. There was a significant effect on the increase of microvilli for the treatment with the lactic acid bacterium L. plantarum and the bacterium B. subtilis, which may indicate an increase in surface area, resulting in greater absorption of available nutrients. In the antagonism analysis (in vitro), only B.subtilis showed formation of inhibition halos against the pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila. There was no effect of treatments on water quality parameters, maintaining the ideal throughout the experimental period, without causing stress or damage to fish performance.

Recently, the rate of appearance of some arboviruses has increased. Among them, there are cases referring to the Zika virus (ZIKV) and the Mayaro virus (MAYV) that started to have an increasing number of notifications. So far, there are no antiviral drugs or vaccines against these viruses, stimulating the search for antivirals, mainly due to the aggravations of these diseases that can be disabling to the patient. Molecules from plants stand out in this search, among them, those originating from the genus Maytenus, which presents compounds with well-described biological activities, making the species of the group candidates for prospecting for antivirals. The objective of this work was to prospect antivirals against the Mayaro and Zika viruses in extracts and compounds derived from leaves and branches of Maytenus quadrangulata. Initially, the cytotoxic concentration was determined for 50% of the cells (CC₅₀), using different extracts from the plant. Then, the effective protective concentration for 50% of the infected cells (EC50) and the selectivity index (IS) were obtained. The EHF, EAF and EAG extracts showed low cytotoxicity, with CC₅₀ of 547, 953,> 1000 ug / mL, respectively. As for the antiviral action against ZIKV, the EC50 occurred at concentrations of 25, 11 and 56 μg / mL, respectively. For MAYV, only EAF and EAG were effective, with EC50 of 12 and 101 μg / mL, respectively. The IS values were above 4, as recommended in the literature. In search of the principles of action, tests were performed with compounds isolated from the EHF extract. Despite the promising action of the extract, none of its isolates showed activity separately, indicating a possible synergistic action, which will be confirmed. The EAF and EAG extracts, which also showed antiviral action, were characterized by phytochemistry, and showed predominantly catechins in their composition, with greater antiviral selectivity for EAF. For this extract, the antiviral action was confirmed by other assays, showing a marked reduction in the viral cytopathic effect (ECP), reduction in the formation of viral plaques and inhibition of virus production in the culture supernatant, even when high viral load was used in infection. Finally, the characterization of possible mechanisms of action was initiated, with a virucidal effect for both viruses, not affecting the adsorption and penetration stages. Our data, taken together, show that M. quadrangulata extracts are effective in inhibiting ZIKV and MAYV, possibly due to the action of catechins, which, by binding to viral and non-cellular elements, are able to inactivate viruses even in high load. This study is the first to examine the antiviral effect and the mechanisms exerted by M. quadrangulata extracts on ZIKV and MAYV.

Probiotic bacteria are known for their ability to bring benefits to the host, such as maintaining the immune system, inhibiting the growth of pathogenic microorganisms and maintaining emotional well-being, and therefore, there is a growing interest in new lactic acid bacteria with probiotic potential. The aim of this study was to screen probiotic lactic acid bacteria from different sources and evaluate the probiotic potential. In vitro probiotic tests included survival under low pH and bile salts, cell surface hydrophobicity, autoaggregation, coaggregation, antibacterial activity, and safety properties were evaluated based on the antibiotic resistance profile. Forty-six bacteria with characteristics of lactic acid bacteria were isolated, 32 of which were discriminated as genetically different through the RAPD technique, which were isolated from the sources, kefir (n=9), cheese (n=4), kombucha (n=2), silage (n=3) and newborn feces (n=14). Most strains were resistant to simulated gastric acidity and bile salts. High hydrophobicity was observed for four strains. Autoaggregation ranged from 9.31-62.24% and the ability to coaggregate demonstrated a wide range of variation in coaggregative phenotypes. In addition, the strains also showed varying levels of resistance to clinically important antibiotics. Comparison between sources demonstrated that lactic acid bacteria isolated from different sources may have probiotic properties. In general, the evaluation of the probiotic properties of a large set of isolated lactic acid bacteria was essential to analyze the phenotypic characteristics of the isolates and verify that, regardless of the source of isolation, a strain can be considered probiotic. We conclude that the strains analyzed from different sources showed probiotic potential with potential application in industrial sectors, with the most promising strains being K8, QV1, SL4, FE2 and FPc4

The use of medicinal plants is part of popular therapy, contributing to the consolidation of a set of internalized skills in users and practitioners. However, with the large supply of industrialized medicines, that practice has decreased in recent years. In addition to obtaining medicinal plants being linked to extractivism, cultivation techniques are scarce, which reduces standardization and guarantees final quality. In this context, with a view to increasing productivity and obtaining healthier products, biofertilizers appear as an alternative to chemicals. Efficient Micro-organisms (ME), used as biofertilizers, consist of associations of beneficial micro-organism cultures, found naturally in soils and that can increase microbial biodiversity. Some studies have shown that inoculation of ME crops promotes an improvement in soil quality, especially in the synthesis of metabolites and plant development in general. In this context, the objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the application of biofertilizer based on ME on general aspects of the development of three medicinal plants (Thymus vulgaris, Phyllanthus niruri and Mentha piperita), to evaluate the secondary metabolites produced, to identify the bacterial species present in the biofertilizer and determine the bacterial concentration in the soil samples. The biofertilizer presented in its composition photosynthetic bacteria and lactic acid producers, especially Lactobacillus plantarum and Rhodobacter sp. Through the chemical analysis of the soils, the samples with the biofertilizer presented higher levels of P, Ca, Mg, Zn, Fe and Mn than in the control soils. In addition, the treated soils indicated a higher bacterial count and the plants cultivated in them presented more pronounced dimensions in their general parts. However, the biofertilizer containing ME did not cause positive effects on the qualitative results of the secondary metabolites, still indicating negative effects on the quantitative results related to those metabolites.

Species of the genus Bauhinia are used in different parts of the world to treat various diseases. The species Bauhinia variegata L., known as “pata-de-vaca”, is a woody species of Cerrado, whose leaves are used in traditional medicine to treat infections and diabetes. Phytochemical studies indicate the presence of flavone; teaflavine; catechin; anthraquinone; flavone; flavanone; flavonol in the calluses of B. variegata The culture of plant tissues and, more specifically, the culture of calluses is a biotechnological tool that makes it possible to obtain bioactive substances of interest in vitro, through the optimization of cultures. The objective of this work was to establish an effective protocol for callus induction in leaf segments of Bauhinia variegata and to evaluate the phenolic substances present in the calluses of this species. For callogenesis, leaf explants from seedlings grown in vitro were inoculated in MS medium supplemented with 30 g L-1 of sucrose, solidified with 7 g L-1 of agar and added with 2,4-D (0; 4,52 ; 9.05; 18.10 μM) and BAP (0.4.44; 8.88; 17.75 μM) and their possible combinations, in the presence and absence of light. After 45 days of inoculation, the percentage of callus induction, fresh and dry matter and the contents of total phenols and flavonoids were evaluated, using usual methodologies. Calluses induced in media with 4.52 µM 2,4-D + 4.44 µM BAP T7 (compact calluses), in the absence of light. The growth curve was established from calluses in the presence of light. For the phytochemical study, the crude hydroethanolic extract (EHEB) was obtained by percolation, which was subjected to the liquid-liquid partition of ethyl and butanol. The isolation and identification of substances present in the ethyl acetate fraction were performed using the techniques of High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to DAD detectors and spectrometer. The results showed that calluses induced in medium supplemented with 4.52 µM 2.4-D + 4.44 µM BAP, in the presence of light, presented a good percentage of induction, considerable values of fresh and dry matter and, mainly, the highest compound contents phenolic.

Medicinal plants have bioactive substances responsible for biological activities such as antifungal, antibiofilm, antibacterial and antioxidant. Yeasts of the genus Candida, mainly Candida albicans, correspond to the main cause of fungal infections in humans and most infections are due to the formation of resistant biofilms. Bacterial resistance has increased rapidly and bacteria are already resistant to all antibiotics. Plants of the genus Bauhinia are rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which have been associated with antimicrobial activity. The objectives of this study are to evaluate the antimicrobial, antibiofilm and antioxidant activities of extracts and fractions of leaves of Bauhinia holophylla and to identify possible compounds or groups of compounds related to this activity. B. holophylla leaves were collected in 2014 and 2018 and extracts were prepared with 70º GL ethanol and 95º GL ethanol, respectively. The extracts were fractionated by partition, with solvents of increasing polarity. The contents of phenols and total flavonoids were determined using usual methodologies and the antioxidant activity of extracts and fractions by the DPPH inhibition method. For the antimicrobial tests, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of the extracts and fractions against C. albicans, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus epidermidis and Acinetobacter baumannii were determined at concentrations from 0.24 to 125 µg mL-1. The same concentrations were used for the C. albicans antibiofilm assay. The results showed that the tested extracts and fractions did not show antifungal or antibacterial activity. The crude extracts and the dichloromethane and acetoethyl fractions showed higher levels of total phenols and flavonoids, as well as higher antioxidant activities. The dichloromethane and acetoethyl fractions from the fractionation of the hydroethanolic extract showed the greatest antibiofilm activities. The difference in the year of collection and the solvents used in the extraction influenced the phytochemical profile of the extracts.

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Cannabis is a genus of plants with ancient uses. Known as "marijuana", it produces cannabinoids with different biological activities, the main ones being; cannabidiol (CBD) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). The growing demand for these compounds to treat some diseases is evident. However, the cultivation of Cannabis sativa and the production of drugs based on cannabinoids is still strictly regulated or even banned in many countries. Therefore, it was possible to conclude that in vitro cultivation can be an alternative to be used to produce natural cannabinoids, mainly CBD. In addition, the CBD-rich calluses produced in this study can become a means of producing new drugs for the treatment of anxiety.

Oral diseases affect about 90% of the world population, generating high socioeconomic impact. In this sense, dental caries and periodontal diseases are among the most prevalent diseases, whereas oral cancer is listed as one of the pathologies with the highest morbimortality. Thus, public health policies that aim to reduce the economic impact of health expenditures, through less invasive treatments that contribute to low morbimortality, need to include screening measures and early diagnosis of oral pathologies. However, the conventional clinical examination, which is considered the gold standard for screening oral lesions, has resulted in poor detection rates for oral cancer due to the absence of signs in early stages or the similarity of the signs with that of others benign oral pathologies hindering detection and differential diagnosis. Thus, literature and governmental health regulatory agencies have suggested the use of the widefield optical fluorescence examination as a complementary examination to the conventional clinical examination for screening lesions and determining surgical margins within the context of potentially malignant disorders and oral cancer. In this sense, objectives of this study were to evaluate the application of the use of widefield optical fluorescence beyond to the context of potentially malignant disorders, including the periodic follow-up of patients with a history of oral lesions in a clinical routine and in support to the differential diagnosis. To this end, patients were examined on demand in a public service for oral diagnosis, with acquisition of images under visible light and widefield optical fluorescence and, in suspected cases, a biopsy was performed. Thus, the results show the use of the technique as an aid in the screening and diagnosis of oral squamous papilloma, hairy tongue, mucosal vitiligo, amalgam tattoo, oral cancer and changes related to dental hard tissue and restorations. In this context, it is concluded that the complementary examination of widefield optical fluorescence allows a range of possibilities for clinical applications in the dental routine in a safe, fast and non-invasive way.

ESTUDO DE UM BIOPROCESSO PARA BIORREMEDIAÇÃO DE SORO DE RICOTA E PRODUÇÃO DE EXTRATO DE LEVEDURAS UTILIZANDO KLUYVEROMYCESL MARXIANUS

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Search for substances of natural sources which can be used as captors of free radicals and/or larvicide is a scientifically stimulating and intellectual subject because it has therapeutic potential for preventing degenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's, cardiovascular diseases, neoplasms, even in combating the proliferation of culicids, responsible for the spread dengue, Zika virus and filariasis. The products most used against mosquitoes contain artificial, non-biodegradable, and bioaccumulative substances. Many species in the Plantae kingdom have developed defense mechanisms for their survival that can be used with other perspectives, such as the synthesis of secondary metabolites. It is well described in the literature that vegetable oils have antioxidant and larvicidal activities. There are studies of Tecoma stans leaf and flower biological activities, but studies with their seeds are scarce. The work objective was to obtain and evaluate the antioxidant and larvicidal activities of the ethereal extract (EE), fatty acids (AG) and fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) obtained from T. stans seeds. EE showed presence of steroids, terpenes and alkaloids, also showed antioxidant potential (EC₅₀ = 0.92 µg/mL), was non-toxic to Artemia salina (DL₅₀ > 1000 µg/mL) and had moderate toxicity to Culex quinquefasciatus (DL₅₀ = 188.27 µg/mL). FAME showed antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 1.03 µg/mL), was toxic to A. salina (DL₅₀ = 7.52 µg/mL) and little toxic to C. quinquefasciatus (DL₅₀ = 449.03 µg/mL). AG showed antioxidant activity (EC₅₀ = 0.91 µg/mL), was little toxic to A. salina (DL₅₀ = 486.27 µg/mL) and toxic to C. quinquefasciatus (DL₅₀ = 20.92 µg/mL). The AG was 23 times high toxic for C. quinquefasciatus when compared to A. salina, which indicates selectivity and encourages further studies regarding the insecticidal activity. The work results are promising and have great relevance since this is the first report of the antioxidant and larvicidal activities of samples from T. stans seeds.

The Smilacaceae family has 310 species, distributed in temperate, tropical and subtropical regions. Smilax brasiliensis, known as "salsaparrilha" and "japecanga", is a plant native to the Brazilian Cerrado, used in folk medicine as an antirheumatic, anti-syphilis, antihypertensive and diuretic. The aims of this study were to evaluate the antioxidant, allelopathic and larvicidal activities, besides the cytotoxic, genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects of the methanolic extract and the fractions of the leaves of S. brasiliensis. Leaves were collected, dried in greenhouse and triturated in a wiley mill. The extract was exhaustively extracted in petroleum ether and after methanol by Soxhlet. From the methanol extract were obtained the dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and hydrometanol fractions. The main constituents present in the methanol extract and fractions, identified by liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS), were glycosylated and non-glycosylated flavonoids, especially with quercetina and phenylpropanoids, as chlorogenic acid. Among the flavonoids, rutin and quercetin were identified in subfractions. All samples exhibited antioxidant activity. The samples had an inhibitory effect on growth, especially of onion seeds. The mitotic index was analyzed in the samples; however, it did not indicate a cytotoxic effect on the tested cells. The genotoxic effect was observed. The extract and fractions showed antigenotoxic effects at all concentrations tested, where they were able to revert to the chromosomal abnormalities caused by glyphosate. An in vitro germination protocol for onion seeds was established. The extract and fractions were innocuous in Artemia salina and Culex quinquefasciatus.

The development of resistance of Plasmodium spp. to antimalarial drugs make it difficult to treat the disease, making it necessary to search for new molecules with antimalarial activity as well as formulations that transport these drugs. The objective is to develop an oil-in-water nanoemulsion capable of incorporating 10-(4,5- dixidrothiazol-2-ylthio) decan-1ol (thiazoline), a synthetic antimalarial prototype, to treat malaria orally. The oily phase of the nanoemulsion is made up of oleic acid, butylhydroxyanisol, parabens and thiazoline, and the aqueous phase is formed by polyethylene glycol (15)-hydroxystearate (Solutol HS15) and purified water. This formulation consists of excipients that favor the bioavailability of thiazoline and its controlled and prolonged release. An analytical method was developed and validated for quantification of thiazoline. A factorial design 23 was carried out with replicates at the central point in order to assess the influence of excipients on the physical-chemical characteristics of the nanoemulsion (droplet size, PDI, zeta potential and encapsulation efficiency). The formulation, selected from the design, had a droplet size of 248.80 nm, a polydispersion index of 0.236 indicating homogeneity in droplet size, zeta potential of -38.5 mV and encapsulation efficiency of 97.17% m / m. The in vitro release assay showed the controlled release of thiazoline in acidic (pH 2.0) and neutral (pH 6.86) media, which simulate gastric and intestinal fluids, respectively. The nanoemulsion containing thiazoline remained stable for 180 days in drastic storage conditions (40 oC and 25% humidity), indicating that the formulation is stable in the various climatic conditions existing in Brazil. The nanoemulsion showed superior antimalarial activity when compared to that of free thiazoline (p <0.05) and had a selectivity index in relation to the pulmonary fibroblast (WI-26VA4) of 12.46, being selectively toxic to parasites. The in vivo antimalarial activity of the nanoemulsion containing 25 mg / kg of thiazoline showed no statistically significant difference when compared to chloroquine (p> 0.05). However, this formulation did not achieve a cure rate and had modest activity in relation to animal survival. The nanoemulsion containing thiazoline represents a strategy for the development of a new drug for the treatment of malaria, combining a new antimalarial candidate and the nanoemulsion.

The genus Eriosema, composed of 150 species, in nine taxa has its occurrence between Africa and the Americas. Eriosema pycnanthum is a legume from the Fabaceae family, a component of the Phaseoleae tribe and the Cajaninae subtribe. In Brazil, studies involving the genus Eriosema are limited to the description of new taxa or the occasional registration in surveys of regional flora. The present work aims to evaluate the healing action of the hydroalcoholic extract of E. pycnanthum, in addition to evaluating the plant structure, promoting the in vitro multiplication of the species and its replanting in a natural environment. The survey on the use of medicinal plants, especially E. pycnanthum, in the region of Itapecerica, Minas Gerais, was submitted and approved by CEPES-UEMG under number 2,812,199, where the free and spontaneous adoption of the popular to the treatment with E. pycnanthum was recorded through a questionnaire, monitoring, and photos of the evolution of the condition. Scatter maps were constructed from works and records of E. pycnanthum exsiccatae deposits across the territories of the Americas, Minas Gerais and Itapecerica. The multiplication of the species in vitro demonstrates low responsiveness of explants to conventional treatments. In a bioreactor, the increase in root mass occurs slowly, requiring improvements in the system and means of cultivation with elicitation. The low germination rate of its seeds is partly due to the rapid drop in respiratory efficiency, as evidenced by the Tetrazolium Bromide test, in addition to tegumentary numbness, proven after manual removal of the seed coat. The analysis with the DCCR-USP software shows that treatment with a 2% KNO3 solution is ineffective in improving these rates. The anatomical analysis shows amphistomatic leaves, paracitic stomata, Dorsiventral mesophyll with prevalent single-palisade parenchyma, vascular bundles concentrated close to the main vein without major changes between ex vitro and in vitro leaves, which, however, have differences in the continuity of the paranerval parenchyma. The seeds have no bad oils, have ample starch reserves and are equipped with 9 cell layers concentrated on the embryo. The extract composition analyzed by CCD of the field root, in vitro and tea, shows phytosterols such as β-sitoterol, β-Escina and Stigmasterol in addition to phenols such as Cinnamic Acid, Catechin, Rutin and Quercetin. The content of total phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols and alkaloids are higher in root extracts in vitro. NMR shows similar spectra of the composition of xi bad solutions with higher concentrations in root extracts in vitro and reveals the presence of flavonol, anthocyanin and sugar groups in addition to anomeric and glycosidic compounds. The hydroalcoholic extract of the field roots has a proliferative action on fibroblast and keratinocyte lines in vitro without the presence of cytotoxic action on normal lines. The replacement of water by tea from the field roots in animal tests, induces an improvement of the condition, especially during the inflammatory phase of the healing process.

Evaluation of antitumor activity of Annona coriacea Mart. on head and neck strains

Development of new compounds with potential antimalarial action using two strategies: targeted synthesis and drug repositioning

The species Solanum lycocarpum, has scientific and environmental relevance, in popular medicine and in food. The aim of this work was to evaluate antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities for ripe fruits of S. lycocarpum. The fruits were collected, dried, crushed and extracted by exhaustive percolation, obtaining ethanol extract, which was partitioned with solvents of increase polarity, obtaining hexane (HEX), dichloromethane (DCM), ethyl acetate (AC) and hydroethanol (HE) fractions. The total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins in EE and fractions were determined, and performed analysis chromatographic profile of EE, being identified  steroidal glycoalkaloids, the steroidal alkaloids solasodine and peimimine, as well as phenolic acids 3,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic, 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic, 3,5,5-tri-O-E-caffeolylquinic, O-coumaroyl dicaffeoylquinic and O-caffeoyl dicoumaroylquinic. EE and fractions showed antioxidant activity. The EE and HEX, DCM and HE fractions administered intraperitoneally demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in two phases of carrageenan-induced paw edema model; and the histological analysis of plantar cushin of animals showed that EE and DCM fraction at 300 mg/kg, considerably reduced leukocyte migration. The DCM fraction administered orally also exhibited antidematogenic activity. The EE and DCM fraction presented antinociceptive activity in formalin-induced nociception, acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing test, hot plate test with antinociceptive action on neurogenic and inflammatory nociception. The nociception with involvement of opioid system in formalin test, the naloxone antagonist did not revert antinociceptive action of EE and DCM fraction. The results showed that the ripe fruits of S. lycocarpum have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive potential and that phenolic and flavonoid compounds, detected in extract and fractions, as well  peiminin, solasodine, 3,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic, 4,5-di-O-E-caffeoylquinic and 3,5,5-tri-O-E-caffeolylquinic found in EE, are correlated with biological activities, since these compounds exhibit these properties described in other scientific studies.