This research presents and discusses a teaching proposal in geographic education through a confluence between the use of Digital Information and Communication Technologies ( DICTs ) and the study of the landscape in the teaching of Geography to Elementary School II students. The proposal is based on a perspective of active participation between professors and students as part of the teaching-learning process. In this sense, the main objective of this study is to know the space surrounding the school and develop a didactic-pedagogical proposal, considering in this proposal the potential of Google Earth and the study of the landscape as an instrument and concept in the teaching of geography, aimed at the 6th grade students at Walfrido Silvino dos Mares Guia Municipal School, located in the Antônio Laranjo neighborhood , in Oliveira – MG. To meet this objective, we opted for a qualitative research , of the exploratory type and case study, which comprises three distinct but interconnected procedures. One refers to the theoretical-conceptual and methodological foundation, carried out through a bibliographical review in the relevant literature with the research objectives. The second refers to the empirical/descriptive study of the area surrounding the school, using Google Earth, on two different dates, through online mapping , with the production of visual material, such as image-maps and topographic and use profiles and occupation. The third procedure, analytical and reflective, comprises the development of a didactic-pedagogical proposal, based on the critical social pedagogy of content. At the end of the research, based on these surveys, mappings and theoretical foundations, there is a discussion and reflection on the geographic potential of the landscape surrounding the school and the didactic-pedagogical proposal.

Geographic education aligned with geographic thinking and reasoning has the potential to contribute to the construction of a spatial perspective on the vulnerability of gendered female bodies. This stimulates spatial thinking and action, assisting in the development of perception and consciousness of the body-space relationship in the face of social risk.

Therefore, this research is situated at the intersection of social risk, geographic education, and gender, exploring the contributions of geographic education to the spatial analysis of gender vulnerability. The study addresses the oppressive relationships that occur in geographic space, utilizing epistemologies that consider the spatiality of invisibilized and socially marginalized bodies. The main objective of this research is to construct a spatial perspective on the vulnerability of gendered female bodies, based on the recognition and experiences of a group of young students from the Doutor Garcia de Lima School, located in the Fábricas neighborhood in the city of São João del-Rei. To achieve this, a geographic educational journey titled 'Geoficinas: gender vulnerability' was developed into seven modules and taking into consideration the geographies, spatialities, and daily lives of the 1st-year high school female students. This educational journey is grounded in the principles of geographic reasoning and the contributions of feminist geographies' epistemologies. By employing action research methodologies and the analysis of geosymbolic spaces, the research examines the voices, perceptions, experiences, and narratives of the young students regarding the spatiality of social risk generated by gender inequality. 

The European Union's Common Agricultural Policy has new rules that guide the reconfiguration of food systems and environmental conservation. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of the new rules of this public policy to promote rural development in two sub-regions of Northern Portugal. It was assumed that over time, rural territories managed by family farming will be able to benefit from the new rules. The methodology was based on the analysis of secondary data organized in the following stages: characterization of the areas under study; bibliographical survey regarding the evolution of Portuguese agriculture and the Common Agricultural Policy, throughout the 20th century to the present; qualitative and quantitative analysis of secondary statistical data, referring to organic agriculture and conventional agriculture in the areas under study; production of tables and graphs; organization, analysis, discussion, results and final considerations. Among the results, the following stand out: the bio-regions initiative as a model of community management that can promote the transformation of rural spaces, projecting new spatial and social practices into the future that encourage dialogue between human beings and nature; the abandonment of agricultural activities by small, less capitalized farmers and the incorporation of these abandoned lands by medium-sized properties; migration of young people from rural areas that end up impacting generational exchange in the countryside; increased female participation in the management of agricultural activities in the areas under study; biological (organic) agriculture represented mainly by permanent pastures; appreciation of traditional agricultural practices. It is concluded that enabling farmers to maintain agroecological systems and convert conventional agroecosystems into sustainable models requires the support of public policies with the transfer of subsidies, which allows a new reality for family farming, promoting rural development in fragile rural territories.

Keywords: Organic agriculture; Bioregions; Barroso agro-silvo-pastoral system; Portuguese agriculture; Common Agricultural Policy; Alto Tâmega; Tâmega and Sousa

From the current international conjuncture, one notices great challenges for the understanding of the role of different technological elements incident on geopolitics. The contemporary world evidences the use of differentiated strategies and equipment throughout historical time for the execution of geostrategic plans. There is disposition of aircraft over geopolitical dissensions and structuring of force power from the aerospace environment.  In a symbolic way the use of military aircraft in different contexts represents features of international power. In this context, the following work has as main objective to understand the Aerospace Power in a general way added to the Brazilian possibilities of exerting power and regional influence through the Aerospace Power. In addition, the specific objective is to understand, through comparative analysis, the role, movements and use of modern military aircraft in geopolitical and geostrategic dynamics in the global space. The use of aerial military apparatuses with a direct geopolitical symbolic role and the potential for defense and combat are verified. The use of military aircraft is seen as a means of executing geostrategy through intensive military presence while exercises or territorial incursions define events occurring after World War II in different geographic environments. In a direct way, the use of the military aircraft in different contexts represents features of state power at the international level. Thus, the stimulus of the Brazilian state as a means to induce investments for the expansion of aerospace power in its near abroad is crucial. Brazil plays a nodal territorial role in South America, which implies it is an active player in regional affairs. The reaffirmation of defense, the power of the State, and its economic transformation goes through the geostrategy and geopolitics of Aerospace Power.

Human actions linked to land use and occupation affect all environmental spaces, making it an important agent in reducing vegetation cover. In this sense, forest fragmentation causes environmental problems, such as reduced biodiversity, local climate change, soil erosion, loss of agricultural soil and silting up of watercourses (LÔBO, 2021). Furthermore, anthropic activities affect the hydrological cycle of watersheds, which are important for the management of water resources and for environmental planning, as they facilitate the identification of conservation areas (AL-JAWAD et al., 2019). In this regard, watersheds are systemic areas that have their ecosystem in total interaction, suffering imbalance when one or another organism receives some external interference (NASCIMENTO and FERNANDES, 2017). Thus, the negative impacts caused in the geographic space of the watershed express the socio-environmental dynamics of society (JOIA et al., 2018), which causes reductions in native forest areas and affects the entire existing ecosystem, causing changes in the biome and ecological processes, such as the cycle of nutrients (OLIVEIRA, 2020). Areas that are occupied incorrectly also present negative results such as the reduction of natural resources, loss of soil quality, increased processes of land wear and a decrease in biodiversity (NASCIMENTO, 2017). Thus, it is important to understand the society/nature dynamics and the way in which man interacts, uses and occupies spaces over time (CANTO and ALMEIDA, 2008), in order to identify spaces in rural areas that may have been altered by human actions to create possible recovery plans for these areas or mitigation of damage caused. To identify the interaction and impact of man on nature, it is possible to use satellite images to map and analyze the influence on the environment. Representations of landscapes by Geographic Information System (GIS) are used to record human actions in space, to monitor and control the environment. (PEREIRA and SILVA, 2001). For Borges et al. (2019), the use of geotechnologies enables studies to develop more efficient environmental policies. Given this, Burke (2017) reports some advantages of using remote sensing as a use for: (1) cheap field yield estimates that may allow better targeting of future policies to be adopted; (2) productivity measures that can carry out impact assessments of agriculture, thereby expanding the evidence base on the effectiveness of particular interventions; (3) ability to measure activity output across a large number of plots over time which improves ability to understand the magnitude and determinants of yield gaps; and, (4) verification of field-scale productivity could support the development and expansion of financial resources for smallholders with letters of credit. The geospatial data used are available at different scales, resolutions and time intervals on government websites. Satellite images provided in recent decades with high resolution are used to create local and regional thematic mapping, helping in research, such as the classification of land use (MANCINO et al., 2014). The images that are available on government websites have two important advantages: the periodicity of the data available and the low cost. Given the above, from the available remote sensing techniques for analysis, monitoring and management of spaces, land use and land cover classification techniques and analysis of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used. The satellite images, present in the first chapter, were used to classify land use and occupation and were used to quantify and qualify spatial data, which can contribute to the construction of conservation policies and monitoring of detection of changes in the landscape (DUARTE and SILVA, 2019). In the second chapter, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) was used, which helps to distinguish the type of vegetation cover and to determine the health of the plant. The NDVI demonstrates the vigor of vegetation, as it consists of values ranging from -1 to +1, with negative values representing the absence of vegetation and positive values denoting the presence of vegetation (VENTURA et al. 2019). Research using the NDVI analyzes various weather events in order to improve our predictions and assessments of impacts such as aridity (KANG et al., 2022), soil degradation (HUANG, et al., 2010), fire (RANSON et al., 2003) and rainfall variations (WANG, et al., 2014). Given the above, this dissertation is organized into two chapters, equivalent to two scientific articles submitted to Brazilian scientific journals. The two works have the same research area, whose territorial unit was the (sub-) watershed of the Rio das Mortes Pequeno (BHRMP), located in the municipalities of São João del Rei and Conceição da Barra de Minas, MG, Brazil. Therefore, this dissertation has the first article entitled, “Geospatial and temporal analysis of land use and land cover in the Rio das Mortes Pequeno watershed, Minas Gerais”, whose objective is to analyze, over a period of 30 years (1990-2020), the changes in land use that occurred in the BHRMP territory. The territory studied was monitored and classified through analyzes of Landsat 5 and Landsat 8 satellite images. Land use and occupation classification techniques followed the supervised classification model and the maximum likelihood classifier (MAXVER) (NASCIMENTO, 2003), using the “Semi-Automatic Classification Plugin (SCP)” plugin, present in the free software QuantumGIS (QGIS). Analyzes of land use and land cover identified a change in the activities carried out on rural properties, in the hydrographic basin studied, in the last 30 years. In the 1990s, the main activity was class[3] 'Field, pasture and annual crop', which was replaced in 2020 by class[2] 'Planted forest'. In addition, the research identified the lack of preservation of riparian forests, permanent preservation areas (APP), which were replaced by agricultural activities. The second article, “Analysis of variations in vegetation based on the correlation of NDVI and rainfall in the period from 2006 to 2021 in a watershed sub-basin”, aims to verify the progressions and regressions of vegetation in the BHRMP when related to the NDVI vegetation index with precipitation information, through geospatial data and website platforms. Images from the MODIS and CHIRPS satellites were used, based on data from the SATVeg website and the ClimateEngine application for the composition of NDVI time series and precipitation validation. From time series, the classes that registered vegetation regressions and progressions were identified. For that, four different classes were used, which are agriculture, planted forest, pasture and forest.

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The main hypothesis of the project is related to possible behavioral benefits, aided by the practice of chess, and possible advantages in the learning process of teaching Geography, where there is knowledge related to Cartography and territorial aspects, which can be understood more easily by students playing the game. The research was built quantitatively, in two stages. Initially, bibliographic surveys were carried out on three aspects: the first was related to pedagogical resources that were not used or considered as options in the basic education of Geography. The second was related to the process of popularization of chess in the 20th century and the importance of its inclusion in the school space. The third was related to the use of chess as an element that can help in the development of general and specific skills in the teaching of Geography and on the process of didactic transposition. This survey was carried out for a general understanding of chess and the possible correlations with geographic elements. In the second stage, in the applied part, the Grouped Randomized Controlled Study was used as a research method. It was created in three public schools in the region of Santa Luzia/MG, a project that consisted of students having chess classes between February and July 2022. With two weekly classes (with a workload between 25 and 30 hours) and a championship Interschool held at the end of the program, the students were introduced to chess practice and motivated to carry out this process. In the end, 65 students from the three schools participated in the program (composing the experimental group) and 65 students who did not participate in the program and who do not know how to play chess were chosen to participate in the test (comprising the control group), chosen in the classes that had participants from the program. In a regular classroom, which had two students who were part of the experimental group, two other students who were willing to participate in the control group were randomly chosen, and thus, this logic was followed. The analysis was performed using self-assessment questionnaires and specific geographic exercises for students who participated in the program and know how to play chess and for students who do not know how to play chess (the total number of participating students was 130). In the end, analyzes of the groups were carried out separately, observing the previously defined topics

The presence of multinationals in almost the entire world is a fact that is consolidated today, but which has already been structured since the 20th century, taking advantage of specific global contexts and relying on discourses about their importance for the development of countries, thus influencing their internal issues, obtaining tax and territorial benefits, to increase their profits, in a process known as corporatization of the territory. Based on the assumption that due to the nature of this use it is not possible to develop economically and socially autonomously, we seek in this dissertation to contribute to studies on the impacts resulting from this use in Brazil and its contribution to its development. Starting from the notion of used territory, we sought to present general characteristics about these agents, their performance and territorial implications in peripheral countries and the contributions of the Brazilian State to the implementation of use over time and the situation found in the current century from analyzes carried out in the Immediate Region of Resende (RJ), based on qualitative and quantitative analyzes of data found in secondary sources, with the aim of understanding the constitution of techniques, norms and past and present actions and economic and social impacts of the arrival of these agents in the region. We found that, as has been demonstrated by researchers on the subject, in addition to creating technical densities that were later special for the private sector, throughout the 20th century, the Brazilian State always considered, to a greater or lesser degree, demands from external agents that did not they have loyalty to the place, they act selectively, contributing to promoting already existing inequalities, whether on a national or regional scale, they extort the place as they require specific technical and normative densities and induce changes in behavior in the places where they settle, creating situations that make the search for independent development impossible. The analysis of the Immediate Region of Resende demonstrates all these situations, highlighting a constant search for “economic and social development” sought since the 1990s through the creation of situations that strengthen the corporate use of the territory, which, however, has not yet hit everyone. We believe that, on the one hand, it is through the analysis of these situations that we can move forward in the search for other possible paths to achieve more inclusive development that prioritizes internal interests.

The present research aims to reveal how restriction and social isolation measures impacted establishments and jobs in Tiradentes-MG during the pandemic period. Marked by a great economic rise from the 1980s onwards, tourism is the main tertiary economic segment of the historic city, being responsible for boosting other related tertiary activities in the locality. However, with the health crisis caused by the new coronavirus, starting in March 2020, there was an interruption in economic activities, a fact that caused an economic and social crisis throughout the country, since the only alternative at that time to contain the advance of the virus was social isolation, which ended up restricting travel for tourist purposes and which was responsible for a major setback in activity in the locality. The objective of this dissertation is to analyze the impacts caused by the Covid-19 pandemic on the tertiary sector of Tiradentes, mainly on tourism in the locality. In this sense, the following specific objectives were defined: 1) Investigate the origin, importance, expansion and relevance of the tertiary sector of Tiradentes; 2) Analyze the socioeconomic impacts suffered by Tiradentes during the Covid-19 pandemic, with an emphasis on work relations; 3) Investigate how the municipality of Tiradentes reorganized itself in the face of the new pandemic reality; 4) Discuss the economic and social perspectives of the historic city post-pandemic.

Since its renovation, in the 20th century, urban geograpy has concerned with the contraditions that materialize in the face of the capitalist organization of space. However, after approximately 50 yeas, the debate about structural racism and patriarchy in the spatial dimension is not highly present. The main objective of this research is to show the possibility of articulation between critical and radical urban geography and the everyday life reality and spatiality of black women. For the development of the research, we took as a time frame the period from the 1970s onwards, a time of significant political and epistemological movement in the world. The theorical basis used to achieve this objective are the contributions of critical and radical urban geography, which was constituted during this movement of geography renovation and which follows the theorical notions of Henri Lefebvre. In accordance with the theorical basis, we use dialectical historical materialism as a method of analysis, starting from the readind that racismo and patriarchy are structuring ofBrazilian sociospatiality as well as they are forms of oppression through which the division of labor and the marginalization of subjects operate sharply. As a methodological procedure and textual organization, we chose the Regressive-Progressive method (LEFEBVRE, 1978). To base the gap found, 54 papers were collected (among theses, dissertations, articles and book chapters) in indexing sites, organized in an Excel table and also collected the bibliographic references of the syllabuses of the discipline of urban geography of 35 Brazilian universities. For the discussion, it was realized a bibliographical review about space, social relations of race and gender, and colonialismo. During the research, we noticed that, in addition to the incipient number of works on space and black women using the dialectical historical materialism method, some lefebvrian conceptual notions, such as body, are slightly used in Brazilian urban geography and that it is an essential category to understand the complexities of capitalist urban space. Therefore, articulating body, space and everyday life with anti-racist and anti-patriarchal readings support us to extend Henri Lefebvre's thought to the understanding of urban space in Brazil. The research proposed to execute this dialogue in order to demonstrate the possibilities of materialist analysis, to contribute to the horizons of critical and radical urban geography, as well as to offer an anti-racist and antipatriarchal reading of cities.

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The burning practices have historical records related to the survival needs and gradually gained space as indispensable tool in the agricultural sector and land occupation. The process of rampant burning causes irreparable damage to biodiversity, among other damages such as human health and the contribution to global warming global. Aiming at the conservation of biomes and endangered species, Conservation Units (UCs), which pre-establish measures for the preservation and conscious use of natural resources, the Parks are units of conservation that allow the interaction of communities with the environment environment. One of the biggest challenges of the UCs is the total control of the activities that occur within its limits, since this is a factor that includes several bodies together, and when there are failures, actions such as deforestation and fires occur without any kind of control. The study aims to perform a temporal and spatial analysis of the occurrence of fires using images from the LANDSAT5, LANDSAT7, LANDSAT8 and Resourcesat-1 satellites - LISS-III sensor within a period of 34 years, on the scars that occurred within the Mapinguari National Park, comparing factors that lead to the occurrence of the burning process. The results show a variation in each year, being very expressive in some years as in 1988 and less in others as in the year 1985, this variation can be linked to the fact that the period with the highest incidence of fires is also the one that presents a greater amount of clouds, making it impossible to detect the scars. The mapping and monitoring of fires allow the prevention and control in areas where biodiversity must be preserved, therefore, the study in the Amazon region is necessary given the importance of preservation of its biome and the intensification of fire rates, along with the difficulty of monitoring them.

This dissertation proposes to reflect on the production/reproduction of urban space with emphasis on the relationship between urban planning and the place that has historically been imposed on women in the debate about the city. We seek to assess the limits and possibilities of an inclusive urban planning from the incorporation of the women's perspective. The objective is to verify whether gender issues were incorporated into urban planning instruments in the city of Belo Horizonte (MG) based on the World Charter for the Right to the City (2006); and also to understand who actually demanded this insertion. We work with the hypothesis that the gender theme in Belo Horizonte has been incorporated by financial institutions, such as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (BIRD), which have demanded that municipalities participate in discussions about the role of women in development policies. Based on this study on institutional urban planning, we seek to recognize limits, advances and possibilities for a more comprehensive planning that addresses the demands of all.

Brazilian cities have gone through an intense and

disorder from the 1960s, in the industrial period. In this context,

the urban landscape received an anthropic overload due to the occupation

without the use of management tools and territorial planning. At

existing geotechnologies such as Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (DRONE)

presents itself as an instrument of great importance and fundamental in the

territorial management. The present work used this technology to elaborate

a cadastral database with information from the municipality's taxpayers

Comercinho-MG in the Jequitinhonha Valley, in order to demonstrate the

contribution to the regularization process of areas, urban centers and neighborhoods

irregular or clandestine in accordance with Law 13465/2017 of regularization

urban and rural land- REURB.

This research focuses on the Tina Martins Reference House in Belo Horizonte, which acts as a collective space for welcoming and sheltering women in situations of violence and which originated and was consolidated from an urban occupation carried out by the national social movement of women Olga Benário. Such women, who were already articulated in other social movements of urban struggle for housing and for a decent life, saw the need to build their own women's movement, in the search to conquer the specific demands presented at that moment by the working women present in the militancy spaces and occupation for housing, and that represent demands of many. The realization of the insufficiencies of policies to combat violence against women mobilized them to seek both to tension the structures of the State and to claim rights within the structure itself, and, in addition, to carry out, themselves, actions that would effectively change lives. of women, from the creation of the Reference House, where women take care of women. In search, therefore, of what is needed to destructure gender hierarchies, the patriarchal-capitalist and racist logic that make up the origins of the violence to which women are subjected, as well as what it takes for a woman who has been raped to protect her and transform your life, the struggle for space is necessary. In the meantime, there is a struggle for women's lives, for a dignified life, for the transformation of everyday life and for women's right to the city. In this sense, through bibliographic reviews, participant observation, and the compilation of information obtained in semi-structured interviews, we seek to visualize and analyze the experiences of the Casa de Referência da Mulher Tina Martins and, from that, reflect on the imbrications between the struggle for the Right to the City and the intersectional feminist struggle, in the way of building an urban praxis of daily transformation of the structures of social oppression linked to gender, race and class.

The current moment of crisis experienced by society, offers opportunities for reflection on the importance of teaching Geography in Basic Education - the concepts and values addressed by this discipline gained a position of autonomous science in the last decades of the 19th century, given the political importance of knowledge of the territory and the formulations that served the dominant governments of colonial expansion were also analyzed and criticized in their political structure. This work aims to analyze the teaching of Geography through the conjuncture of cyberspace in the students' daily lives, with the aim of analyzing and proposing methodologies to demystify fakenews in the moment of post-truth.

This dissertation aims to understand the construction of the tourist landscape of the municipality of Aiuruoca, located in the south of Minas Gerais, analyzing the discursive reports provided by tourists in the virtual environment. These reports can help to understand the way that visitors describe the locality, and also suggest the landscape idealized by new tourists, from the contact with such texts. At first, the geographic historical rescue of the municipality of Aiuruoca is developed, highlighting the relationship between the development of the locality and the physical environment and its natural attractions, and, later, the socio-spatial dynamics of the municipality are presented, with emphasis on the issue and the rural space. and tourism. So, from the concepts of place, space and their relationship to the perception of the landscape, we obtain what we call here the tourist's gaze. We found this tourist's gaze in the perception of the landscape through the discursive reports offered by travelers in the virtual environment. After analyzing these discourses, using online social research techniques and content analysis software, we obtain the categorization of these texts. As a result, we can highlight the expressiveness of the natural attractions in the construction of the landscape of the municipality, as well as its relationship with cultural elements, especially the cuisine, this relationship, between the natural and cultural landscape, is mediated by the equipment that support the tourism sector. It is also possible to point out that the territory of the municipality is expressed in a heterogeneous way, that is, it is possible to perceive different landscapes within its limits, such as areas predominantly focused on tourism potential and areas used by agriculture.

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Water level fluctuations occur naturally in reservoirs, as a result of seasonal climatic (pluviosity patterns) and hydrological conditions (losses through evaporation, artificial flow regulation). However, intensification of water level fluctuations caused by global warming and extreme climatic events (severe droughts and rain events) may adversely affect environmental integrity and compromise the sustainability of water systems. Changes in physical and chemical conditions, including in water temperature and stability of the water column, nutrient concentrations, spatial distribution and composition of primary producers and consumers are some of the expected effects of water level fluctuations in aquatic ecosystems. This study focused on the effects of water level fluctuation on physical (water temperature and transparency) and chemical (concentration of inorganic and organic nutrients) conditions, as well as on phytoplankton composition, biomass, as diversity, in the Furnas Hydroelectric-Powerplant Reservoir (UHE-Furnas). It has been hypothesized that severe reduction in water level would increase water temperature and reduce water transparency, as well as cause reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and increases in nutrient concentrations, besides altering pH values.  Moreover, such changes could result in environmental homogenization of water conditions between the two main tributaries of the reservoir (Grande and Sapucaí rivers). Furthermore, water level fluctuation is also expected to affect biomass and taxonomic composition of phytoplankton, stimulating biomass increases and benefiting some phytoplankton groups, such as Cyanobacteria and flagellated mixotrophic species, under increased nutrient and temperature and low water transparency conditions. We collected water samples from bays located in both tributaries of the reservoir during 2014, 2015 and 2016. In situ we measured water temperature, pH, DO concentrations and transparency. Water samples were collected for nutrient analyses, including organic dissolved nitrogen (DON), nitrate and nitrite (NO₃+NO₂–N), ammonium (NH₄-N), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and total phosphorus (TP). For phytoplankton quantitative and qualitative analyses, water samples were collected and preserved with Lugol solution until microscopic analysis. Biovolume was calculated for biomass quantification and diversity was calculated based on biomasses using Shannon-Wiener index. Fatty acid analyses were carried out to identify single fatty acids which could indicate differences in phytoplankton and bacterial biomasses in seston among sampling stations and periods. Sampling stations located in the Sapucaí river had significantly higher ammonium and DON concentrations, as well as lower DO concentrations, than sampling stations from the Grande river. For all remaining physical and chemical variables there were no significant differences between sampling stations of both rivers. This result corroborates the hypothesis of homogenization in water quality conditions between both rivers, due to water level fluctuation. This is supported by the significant negative correlations detected between water level, NO₃+NO₂-N and TDN concentrations in Rio Grande sampling stations, meaning that reduced water level caused nutrient concentrations to increase in the water column. Water level was also negatively correlated to phytoplankton biomass and the concentrations of the saturated fatty acid 18:0 (octadecanoic acid), a very common fatty acid in phytoplankton cells. Under low water level conditions increased nutrient concentrations seems to promote phytoplanton growth, resulting in higher phytoplankton biomass and higher concentrations of 18:0 in the sestonic fraction. In Sapucaí sampling stations, NO₃-N, TDN and TP were positively correlated with water level, suggesting an important contribution of allochthonous input of nutrients from adjacent terrestrial systems during rain events.  As a result, high water levels also affected positively phytoplankton biomass and 18:0 concentrations in Sapucaí sampling stations. Water level manual regulation is an important tool for managing water quality conditions in hydroelectrical power-plans reservoirs. Moreover, water level changes caused by severe droughts or intense rain events are also expected to affect water quality conditions and the community structure of aquatic organisms. However, different responses of tributaries to water level fluctuations, for instance, due to differences in land use and nutrient exportation rates from the surrounding watershed, may modulate overall reservoir response to changes in water level. Understanding such differences in ecosystem responses and including land use analysis of the reservoir watershed is of paramount importance for the success of reservoir management during severe water level changes, not only to preserve water quality and ecosystems services, but also to keep environmental integrity and sustainability of the aquatic biological communities.

Among the elements of the climate system that influence socioeconomic activities, precipitation plays a fundamental role in tropical areas. Thus, excess or deficit in precipitation, which can last for days or months, impact the hydrological cycle and elements of the climate system. Thus, in order to analyze the homogeneity of time and space series for South America, it is important to highlight the precipitation period and three parameters: beginning, end and duration of the period. Thus, to increase the reliability of the results in the temporal analysis of precipitation studies, it is necessary to have good quality of the estimated data, as well as good availability and spatial distribution. In this context, this study has as main objective to analyze the spatial pattern of precipitation distribution for South America using the principal component technique. To evaluate CHIRPS, data from 183 meteorological stations from the National Institute of Meteorology (INMET) and the Center for Weather Forecast and Climate Studies (CPTEC) from 2000 to 2018 were used. The main component technique (ACP) was used to classify the South America in different climatic zones. The Liebmann method was used to determine the beginning, cessation and duration of the precipitation period for each classified region. For the validation of CHIRPS, the results indicate that all political regions of Brazil showed a high correlation with the stations of the INMET / CPTEC and CHIRPS (95.4%), yet, when considering the whole area of Brazil, the coefficient of determination is 97%, significant after p <0.05, t-student test. Spatially, the northwest of the state of Amazonas and the southwest of Pará showed the greatest differences between the data set compared. The CHIRPS estimates adjusted linearly with the INMET / CPTEC data showed a more accentuated agreement. Through the first 3 components of the ACP and, then, using cluster analysis, it was possible to generate 15 regions for South America. It was concluded that each region presented different patterns for periods of precipitation, regions 01, 03, 05 , 11 and 14 showed an increase in the duration of the precipitation period. While Regions 02 (in the two periods), 12, 13 and 15 showed a decline in the duration of the precipitation period.

The institutionalization of Public and Administrative Policies aimed at nature conservation in Brazil, such as the Forest codes of 1934, 1965 and 2012, and the National Nature Conservation System (SNUC) in 2000, are important instruments to guarantee the protection of Protected Areas (AP) and Conservation Units (UC) in the Brazilian territory. The unit investigated in this study is an Environmental Protection Area (APA) Alto Rio Doce, managed by the municipal government of the same name, located in the Atlantic Forest biome, in the state of Minas Gerais, in the Zona da Mata. The APA is located at the head of the Rio Doce, highlighting its importance for the water recharge of the Rio Doce basin, which has already been affected by accidents related to mining. The overall objective, the study was analyzed as its prediction in the Forest Codes contributed and contributed to the maintenance and conservation of the APA, especially the APA Alto Rio Doce-MG. The study had as its theoretical-methodological foundation the Theory of Geosystems, to explain how the Earth's surface works, taking into account biotic, abiotic and social factors. The research was carried out through bibliographic, documentary analysis and case study, conducted by the quantitative and qualitative approach, using data provided by the Municipality of Alto Rio Doce, IBGE, IDE-SISEMA, covering data referring to urban spot, hydrography and UC boundaries, where link map as Permanent Preservation Areas (APP); information extracted from Sicar referring to the Rural Environmental Registry (CAR), containing information on hydrography, springs, APP and Legal Reserve (RL), Landsat 5, 7 and 8 images, to plot the vectors and extract data on the quality of vegetation, images Alos Palsar to understand the morphologies of the UC and to map the APP areas related to hilltop and slope, and pre-existing data from the MapBiomas project related to native forest formation in the years 1985 and 2018. Such data are products of Remote Sensing and in use of Geographic Information Systems, where it analyzes time analyzes of the UC. The first results indicate that the establishment of laws, resolutions and decrees related to the conservation of Brazilian forests are extremely important to assist in the realization of the SNUC. The analysis of the Forest Code for the year 2012 indicates that its purpose of environmental conservation is out of character due to its flexibility compared to Resolution No. 303/2002, which revoked the Forest Code of 1965. In relation to the areas of APP, with the Forest Code of 2012 , the UC lost 59.97% of the PA, being as APP of hill tops, where for new law, these areas were completely zeroed. On native vegetation cover in the APA, it was found that these areas increased both in quantity and in quality, but as stated above, such areas decreased in areas of APP, becoming areas of APP discovered of native vegetation evident. Regarding the schedule of this study, the remaining steps to be taken are the literature review, densification in the results of the results, iii preparation of the finals, review of the dissertation and defense and publication.

The Cerrado Biome, one of the “hotspots” for the conservation of the world's biodiversity, is the second largest biogeographic region in South America and the second largest biome in Brazil, occupying about 24% of its territory. Due to its vast territorial extension, the Cerrado has a great diversity of plant formations and endemic species, being considered the richest “savanna” in the world. Despite its recognized importance, the fragmentation of natural habitats and the conversion of Cerrado land for agricultural purposes threaten the maintenance of the biome's biodiversity. Deforestation in the Cerrado exceeds deforestation rates in the Amazon rainforest by 1.8 times. Unrestrained deforestation and intense urbanization have resulted in significant changes in rainfall and air temperature patterns in the region. From this, the objective of this study was to present the trends, seasonality and variability in monthly and annual scales of climate variables in the Cerrado between the years 1958 and 2019, in order to understand the climatic characteristics of the biome. For this, monthly data on precipitation, air temperature and the Palmer drought index (PDSI) were used, provided by the TerraClimate database. For the analysis, it was decided to divide the historical series into seven periods, in order to compare the average of each one with the average of the historical series and, thus, understand the behavior of the variables over the years. Thus, the data were extracted, processed and analyzed previously in the Grid Analysis and Display System (GraDs) software. Then, they were tabulated and received statistical treatment in Microsoft Excel, so that the abrupt changes, the trend and the seasonality of the climatic variables were estimated by the BEAST method (Bayesian Estimator of Abrupt chance, Seasonal chance, and Trend). With the analysis of the results, it was found that the average rainfall increases in the east-west direction, presenting a significant spatial difference, being more expressive in the states that make transition with the Amazon Forest. In addition, it was identified that air temperatures have a relative increase trend in the south-north direction of the biome, with the lowest temperatures occurring from the extreme southeast to the central portion of the biome, while the highest averages occur in the North, with similar patterns found in the analysis of the drought index. In addition, it was found that changes in climate trends are more accentuated than seasonality. Furthermore, the study corroborated previous research on the presence of two well-defined seasons in the Cerrado, a hot and rainy season, starting in October and extending into April, and a cold and dry season between May and September. The results of this study show the importance of understanding the dynamics of climatic variables in the Cerrado and constitute a source of consultation on the climatology of this biome.

This dissertation analyzes how the financial concentration of the urban food supply retail trade is related to the process of precariousness of work and the general conditions of social reproduction in the urban space. The research is linked to Critical Urban Geography from the understanding that urban space expresses the materiality of social life. The methodology used is based on the regressive-progressive method of Lefebvre (1976). To understand the precariousness and intensification of work and its relationship with globalization, we took as a path the study of the financial concentration of supermarkets, hypermarkets and cash-and-carry stores in Minas Gerais. The objective of the research is to understand how the financial concentration of the urban food supply retail trade implies in the reproduction of the urban space and in the conditions of social reproduction

Syphilis is an old chronic infectious disease that has been accompanied humankind for
centuries. In Brazil, there are datas of the presence of syphilis since the colonial period.
Currently, it has been possible to see a significant increase in syphilis cases in Brazil.
This study aimed to make a socio-spatial diagnosis of syphilis in the city of São João
Del Rei in the period of 2015 to 2019. The method used was the retrospective and
cross-sectional study through the systematic analysis of the database collected from
the form of the Unified Health System from the years 2015 to 2019. The data were
grouped in Microsoft Excel and sent for statistical analysis. From this statistical
analysis, it will be possible to expand the reflection on the factors that possibly
influenced the incidence of syphilis in the city of São João Del Rey.

The present study aimed to expand the understanding of the interaction of organic materials, present in the soil with phosphorus as a function of management. Therefore, a hypothesis adopted is based on no fact that human activities, such as agriculture and urbanization have a great impact on soil behavior. Organic matter acts, among other things, such as soil structure and nutrient disposition. Phosphorus, like nitrogen and other elements, can be made available by organic matter through decomposition. One of the methods adopted in this research was to carry out the soil collection in the sections of bodies of water. The soil samples were collected in three different places depending on the management and the type of soil prevalent in the place. The collection points are located in the municipalities of: Carandaí, Prados and Tiradentes, collection in the Rio das Mortes basin. All members of the Campo das Vertentes formation. The collection and subsequent analysis of the water removal procedures and the result of this research were performed as a meter of possible soil components that were created for the bodies of water that occurred in the collection. Said service can, among other factors, occur via leaching or erosion, both soil residues. The bodies analyzed in the research were: Riacho Arenoso, Córrego Sumidouro and Córrego do Bichinho. A general objective of the research was to analyze the importance of the relation between organic matter and phosphorus present in the soil and / or in water, in places with different uses of the soil and where this can lead to the physical attributes of texture / granulometry. And as applicable objectives: to verify how the use of the soil and the organic content of the soils influences the amount of organic matter found in the tributaries; quantify as organic and inorganic species of phosphorus (P) that are present in soil and water in natural and anthropomorphized areas (pastures and agriculture), as a way of assessing soil quality according to its use; and, check how texture / granulometry can affect the flow of organic matter and phosphorus in the soil. How the soil samples collected took into consideration the type of soil that was representative of each region worked, that is, the management. Thus, 3 samples were collected from the agricultural area, which differ in terms of soil type (Profile 1 - Gleissolo, Profile 2 - Spodosol and Profile 3 - Latosol), 2 samples from the natural area (Profile 4 - Cambisol and Profile 5 - Cambisol / Latosol) and 1 sample from the urban area (Profile 6 - Gleissolo). From the collected soil and water analyzes, it was possible to arrive at the following results: in profiles 1 and 2 it was found, through the content of clay and organic matter (OM), a transformation and translocation process, characteristic of the podolization process. The levels of P available in depth indicate a translocation along profile 1, probably associated with interactions with OM. As for profile 2, although it presented a loss horizon E, the translocation of P. was also verified. Profile 3 showed a reduction of OM along the profile due to the topography of the place, whereas the phosphorus showed loss in the intermediate horizon B1 1.4 mg.dm-3 , and an increase in depth of 0.1 mg.dm-3 . This increase may result from the leaching of OM, which favors a higher content of P available in the soil. In profile 4, there was an abrupt decrease in the phosphorus content from the superficial layer to the subsurface, following the decreases in OM and clay. For this profile, phosphorus available from OM was not considered, since there are no favorable conditions for the disposal of phosphorus, such as high pH or decomposition, since most of the OM was leached. In profile 5, there was an abrupt decrease in the phosphorus content from the superficial layer to the subsurface, following the decreases in OM and clay. And profile 6 showed a decrease in the MO content and an increase in the surface for the subsurface. The phosphorus content followed the decreasing MO content and, unlike profile 1, the phosphorus in the subsurface layer is lower than in the surface layer. One of the reasons for the decrease in P is loss by leaching, another possible reason is the reduction of Fe contained in the clay oxides, as seen in profile 1, causing the release of P. Water samples were also collected depending on soil management. The sampling consisted of 3 collections made in each of the 3 sections of the analyzed water bodies, totaling 27 samples per year. The collections took place in the years 2017 and 2018, thus, 54 samples were collected. In water, the first variables analyzed were: conductivity and dissolved oxygen, measured using the multiparameter probe (model 556, Yellow Springs Instruments USA). In sequence, the following were analyzed: total dissolved phosphorus (PTD), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and, from this, dissolved organic phosphorus (POD). Such analyzes took place in an automated flow spectrophotometric injection system (FIA, from Flow Injection Analysis, FIALab 2500, USA). The conductivity in urban water bodies was accentuated. Dissolved oxygen for water bodies in Tiradentes and Carandaí falls within the basic values of Classes I and III, according to CONAMA resolution No. 375/05, since they presented values for the years 2017 and 2018 above 4mg / L and 6mg / L, respectively 14.27 and 6.64; 11.56 and 81.7 mg.L-1 . The value verified in the water body of the municipality of Prados was outside the baseline values only for the measure for the year 2018, where the value found was 3.70 mg.L-1. Thus, the urban water body in Prados is probably already well polluted by organic matter (domestic sewage), which causes an increase in the body's water respiration and thus the low OD values found. The PTD value verified in the three regions was not very high when compared to the values found in the literature. SRP concentrations were low at all points collected, regardless of soil management. Thus, the effects of urban and agricultural land use were not evident on the SRP concentrations, which may be related to the high capacity of the soils in the P sorption region. POD values were considered normal since in literature, low and independent concentrations of soil management have been verified. From the results analyzed, it was possible to conclude that land use affects the amount of OM and thus the availability of phosphorus in the soil in an inversely proportional way in the natural and urban environments. However, when evaluating these two independent variables, it is not possible to create an impact table, since there was no significant Pearson correlation between the levels of PT and PTD.

This paper aims to understand the urban expansion process in the city of Diamantina, in Minas Gerais, after the implementation of new residential plots of lands located in Residencial Jardim Imperial. It is, specifically, a look at the northwest portion of the city, which comprises real estate developments promoted by the company Planejar Engenharia de Projetos e Negócios LTDA. We start from the assumption that the production of plots of land in these areas is linked to the action of agents of space producers. Which stimulates, in some way, aspects related to socio-spatial segregation. The methodological procedures include 2 stages: 1) Data collection throughout bibliographic survey regarding the themes relevant to the study focus (production of urban space; city as a commodity; and sociospatial segregation) and exploratory research in the database of the Brazilian Institute Geography and Statistics (IBGE); Diamantina City Hall (PMD); visits in loco, to empirically investigate the proposed objectives and obtain photographic records; and, finally, the application of the questionnaire to the target audience. The work is divided into three chapters: Chapter I presents the theoretical framework. In Chapter II we present the urban expansion of the city, from the gold cycle to the present day, and finally, Chapter III, where the compilation of all the data collected was presented. We conclude that the direction of urban expansion in the northwest vector of the city is linked to the implementation of these real estate projects. 

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The general objective of this research is to think about the extent to which the rock-soil-relief approach in the school context contributes to the construction of landscape understanding as a spatial phenomenon. For this, a theoretical and methodological discussion was developed to contemplate the dimension of concepts such as landscape, spatiality, physical-natural aspects of Geography and geosystem, and through the pedagogical field and teaching-learning. In addition, as specific objectives the research was launched to: investigate the rock-soil-relief approaches in the National Curriculum Parameters (PCN), the Common Basic Curriculum (CBC) of the state of Minas Gerais and the Common National Curricular Base (BNCC); analyze the notion of the landscape category among Elementary School students and teachers of Geography of elementary education of Barbacena - MG; reflect on the didactic-pedagogical practices of teachers in Geography teaching; elaborate and apply a didactic sequence that followed the constructivist teaching method and the rock-soil-relief systemic approach presented in the discussion developed by the research with the function of proving whether if it is possible or not the construction of the spatiality notion of the landscape among Elementary School students.The teachers of the municipal network answered a questionnaire that aimed to probe the teachers’ definitions and approaches of some concepts pertinent to the research; the sample was of 50% in relation to all the teachers of the municipal network of Barbacena. The teaching practice was based on contemporary ideas and thoughts of specialists in the area as a theoretical and methodological means that allowed access to data, observations, contents, students' productions and, therefore, results that would help the discussion of the understanding’s construction of spatiality landscape, through the rock-soil-relief approach. The teaching practice - called by the students themselves as “Gully Project ” - was materialized through a didactic sequence that, by the students, identified and studied a risk area, as well as communicating the population via pamphlets and presentation at a scientific fair. It can be noticed, through the teachers' answers, that their definitions and conceptual approaches are generally close to a traditional, therefore, focused on content and descriptive approach. The students, in turn, fit in the same context, however, the didactic sequence was able to act in the construction of the landscape's spatiality understanding, from the identification and interpretation of the processes and the physical-natural and social components that constitute the analyzed space by the students of elementary school, in the light of notions of system, the relation rock-soil-relief and attitudinal contents. Therefore, there was the possibility of a meaningful learning in the context of the entirety of space and, above all, achieve one of the main goals of Basic Education: citizenship.

The objective of the current study is to analyze the territorial formation of the Barbacena region in the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais, linking it to the activities of the Andradas family in a process of passive revolution. The Andradas family has been in the Barbacena region since 1864 and has held official positions in the state since before that period. This study proposes an interpretative layout, involving a gramscian approach with emphasis on the use of the historical bloc concept. To this end, an integral perspective is used for reflection, in which the microregional specificities are not perceived as isolated facts, but rather considerthese specificities to be related within a historical context. Thus, the author sought to identify the relationships of territorial formation in the Barbacena region as articulations within an economic context.
Moreover, this research analyzes the territorial formation of Barbacena since the colonial period, beginning with the opening of the new Estrada Real trail and continuing through the phase in which the microregion specialized economically in agricultural production, primarily supplying the capital of the country at that time – Rio de Janeiro.This is a period in which the microregion experiences the height of the economic importance. It is within this context that the first member of the Andradas family migrates to the locality. The current study prioritizes the analysis of the events of 1930, when the need for economic modernization and conflicts within the power bloc lead to the most intense moments of the passive revolution. Subsequently, with a conservative economic modernization project developed in the State of Minas Geraisin the 1960s, the region starts losing its relative economic dynamism, however, the Andradas family oligarchy continues to occupy official state positions.

In the recent historical period, Brazil, through Economic Growth Acceleration programs, has implemented a set of public policies to stimulate the building sector. One of the main aims of these policies was the reduction of the housing deficit. Other aim was to foster the real estate market to face the effects of the international crisis of 2008 through job creation in the formal economy. Among these public policies, ―Minha casa, minha vida‖ program, created in 2009, during Lula government, stands out. The implementation of a housing policy guided by a market logic resulted in distinguished features for the construction of the urban space, as well as the effectiveness of a housing policy as a tool for the reduction of social-spatial inequalities. This paper investigates the territorial dynamics in the building production in the city of São João del Rei, from 2009 on, beginning with the creation of the Federal Program ―Minha casa, minha vida‖ (MCMV), analyzing the house developments approved by the Town Hall within this period. To do so, the Regressive-Progressive method of Henri Lefebvre (1978) was used; it consists in the observation of the phenomenon to be studied, under a historical-critical and cartographic perspective. At last, through an exploratory approach, this paper outlines some additional remarks about the ―urban form‖ undertaken by the city beginning with the creation of the Program MCMV and the logics of the investments in the building sector resulting from the program.

Evaluation of the detection uncertainties of the heat sources estimated by the Goes Imager sensor and their impacts on 2.5 µm PM emission inventories.

The hydric erosive processes are configured as natural processes. They have lately been analyzed as an unnatural environmental problem and must be understood and analyzed in the most diverse fields of science analysis. The erosive processes are currently being mainly related to anthropic activities, aggravated by local physical characteristics that promote its genesis and development in an accelerated and disordered way. The purpose of this study is to perform the environmental fragility and vulnerability analysis on erosive processes in the Mortes River Basin-MG, which is located in the Campo das Vertentes mesoregion in the state of Minas Gerais. Its importance is justified by the lack of data regarding structural and environmental components of the basin and studies on environmental fragility that focus on erosive processes. As for the location of this basin, it is an important tributary for the Funil and Furnas Dam, located in the Rio Grande basin, and important for the supply of hydroelectric power. In addition to generating a study on the regionalization of vulnerability and fragility of this basin, as a product, a set of thematic maps will be created that will help develop more in-depth knowledge about the area, and may generate subsidies for environmental and territorial public policies and the energy sector. The research is based on the terms of fragility and vulnerability proposed by Ross (1994) and Crepani et al. (2001), which are configured in the use and creation of local databases (soil, geology, geomorphology, climate and land use / occupation) that will serve as a basis for creating numerical models that quantify the vulnerability of sites to the formation of erosive processes due to the environmental fragility of the site, using those of geographic information system (GIS) programs. The results show that the basin has large areas with vulnerable physical aspects in relation to erosive processes, fragile soils, lack of vegetation cover, steep slope, high concentrated rainfall, etc., and that it has fundamental characteristics for the occurrence of such processes. The final map, which is the synthesis of all characteristics according to the vulnerability and fragility of each of the variables, shows areas with high levels of vulnerability and fragility to erosive processes in 69% of the total basin area, indicating a susceptible basin. These processes demand care for the maintenance of environmental resources, agricultural use, supply and even in the hydroelectric sector, in which the basin is an important tributary.

The objective of this work was to analyze the viability of part of the deactivated bed of the
West of Minas Railroad through out-door activities in the tourist segment in the case of
Ecotourism and Rural Tourism, elaborating proposals of routes to be implemented,
considering the potentialities existing in each locality and / or its surroundings, as well as its
stops and disabled railway stations. Highlighting the tourist aspects present in the bed and the
surroundings of the extinct West Railroad of Minas in the stretch between the Stations of
Antônio Carlos (Sítio) and RibeirãoVermelho with about 230 km (two hundred and thirty
kilometers) of extension, which were mapped in the West to the East, starting with the "Zero"
Km of the EFOM stretch in Antônio Carlos (Sítio) and as the final RibeirãoVermelho
landmark, where the "bitolinha" of 0.76m met metric gauge and where passengers
disembarked from the train and boarded a Rio Grande steamboat at the lower São Paulo
direction, this section was divided into 8 (eight) itineraries to facilitate the logistics, creation
and implementation of the itineraries, it is also worth noting the possibility of doing the routes
are inverted (East to West) or even in a fractional way, because they allow you to enter or exit
at any stage or segment of the routes. This work may also estimate the elaboration of more
studies in the itineraries for about 30 km of Fluvial form, since part of the extinct railway
network is currently submerged in the Rivers "das Mortes" and also in the "Grande" River,
due to the creation of dams of "Macaia" and "Funil".
After field recognition and detailed mapping of the entire proposed stretch with its 230 km
extension, it is possible to affirm the feasibility of this project, the stretch is totally viable for
the purpose that this project is intended for, the deactivated bed of EFOM has a great tourism
potential and should be used by tourists and visitors as another option of tours in the
ecotourism segment.
The work deals with matters concerning the use of intermodal form (on foot, on horseback, by
bicycle, kayak, small boat or vehicles) of part of the deactivated bed of FerroviaOeste de
Minas. Since this route represents a huge tourist potential for the region.

The aim of this dissertation is to present the public education system and the rural populations and, as a problem, the potentialities of this system for the construction of the political subject capable of constituting its territory through the materialization of peasant relations in space, political participation and resistance struggles. Since the 1990s, public policies have been created specifically for family agriculture and, Brazil began to outline a new pattern of territorial development. However, this significant advance has not been accompanied by public policies that value education for young people in the countryside, on the contrary, there is an appreciation of the conventional education system aimed at the urban, as well as the constant closure of schools and the school nucleation process. We approach the concept of development and some of its adjectives, especially the territorial one, that is present in the public policies for family agriculture implemented since the 1990s, these are problematized through the discussion of the peasants' role as defining subjects of this policy and, the space defined as the construction of social classes, which does not fit into a political-administrative division. We return to the main directives of Basic Education, as well as the field work to discuss the current public policies focused on high school, based on the assumption that knowledge, beyond its "epistemic dimension" has an "identity dimension" that we are losing with conservative liberal economic globalization. The place chosen for this study was the Rio das Mortes district, in São João del-Rei, MG, where agricultural dynamics and rural-urban relations are closely linked.

Understanding mediatic language is an important element of school Geography. Concepts which are structuring to geographic thought – like territory, landscape and space – are continuously present in the major news headlines’ vocabulary worldwide. In order to ease the public’s understanding of geopolitical topics, the mass media resort to oversimplifications, clichés, truisms and typifications. Such a fashion of approaching facts pauperizes the analysis of a rather complex scenario of international relations. Nevertheless, the influence of mediatic discourse in the elementary school processes of Geography teaching and learning is, to this day, still little mentioned in academic papers in general. Having analysed different syllabuses made it clear that the educational use of diverse media is a theme neglected by most Geography graduation courses – a factor of hindrance to the formation of qualified professionals, capable of reasonably incorporating media-sourced content into classroom activity. In this regard, this paper displays the results of theoretical reflexions and field reseach with the practical aim of outlining the processes by which Geography teachers and students at the third year of secondary education decode geopolitical discourse from the news. For such, surveys and classroom fieldwork were made in which docents and learners came in touch with mediatic contents. It has been observed that mass media are still a main factor in shaping the students' geopolitical imagery. On the other hand, a large number of educators still conceive media-sourced contents as just another didatic resource rather then a study object worthy of systematized use in class

The Brazilian municipalities, after publication of Federal Constitution in 1988, were raised by the “federate entities” category. During de 1990‟s was occurred an elevated number of municipal emancipations, supported by underlying principles of the new Constitution: local autonomy and financial incentives from FPM readjustment. That emancipationist phenomenon was based in theoretical benefits of administrative and fiscal decentralization. The results obtained by research allow us to do some interesting conclusions. These conclusions were founded on analysis of emancipated municipalities adjustment to the minimal conditions of emancipation, composition of their budgetary revenues and structure of their expenditures in different sectors of public policies, differentiating the policies linked to the federal government from those with greater autonomy of action by the municipalities. It was verified that the majority of the emancipated municipalities not meeting the minimal conditions required by the legislation of these époque. In observing the situation of emancipated municipalities in Minas Gerais today, we find great difficulties in achieving an ideal of autonomy. Although some degree of political and administrative autonomy has been achieved, the localities studied are under heavy financial dependence on government transfers, especially the FPM. The Union is still the main supporter of municipal public policies such as health and education, while public policies with a greater degree of discretion in allocation of resources by the municipalities, such as public safety, basic sanitation, urban infrastructure, environment, etc., are under-resourced and their institutional arrangements at the local level are precarious.

The Pantanal is the largest continuous system of wetlands in the world, a characteristic that provides national and international prominence for its rich biodiversity. Most of these ecosystems are extremely sensitive, not only for the annual amount of precipitation, but also for other aspects of seasonal rainfall, responsible for the maintenance of the Pantanal's flora and fauna. The monitoring and mapping of floo ded areas are usually difficult by the large territorial extension, thus, remote sensing emerges as a viable alternative for obtaining biophysical factors quickly and inexpensively. Thus, the objective of this work was to analyze the spatial variation of the wetland areas and the influence of the rainy season duration in Pantanal biome for the years 2000 to 2016. A total of 261 images from orbital sensors were used, such as the Thematic Mapper (TM), Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Linear Imaging Self-Scanner (LISS III) from Landsat 5, Landsat 8 and Resourcesat sattelites, respectively, as well as rainfall data from the Tropical Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation Station (CHIRPS). Through the mapping of flooded areas it was possible to perceive a significant flood variability in the biome. The most flooded year was 2011, with approximately 45,000 km ², followed by 2006 and 2008 years, with approximately 36,000 km ², presenting 30% and 24% of the total area of Pantanal biome, respectively. The years that presented a smaller flooded area were 2012, 2013 and 2005 with approximately 14,000 km², 17,000 km² and 20,000 km², corresponding to 9%, 11% and 13% of the total area of the Biome, respectively. By analyzing the precipitation variability indexes extracted from the CHIRPS, it was possible to verify that the annual average precipitation value in the Alto Paraguai Basin (APB) during 17 years analyzed was 1,308 mm and 74.54% of the incident annual precipitation in the Pantanal Biome occur in the wet season (from October to March). In order to explain the relationship between annual flooded areas variations and precipitation that occur in APB, it was decided to analyze the total precipitation in bimesters, trimesters, four-month period and semesters, as well as, the rainy season. When analyzing the length of the rainy season, it was noted that only 7% of the variations in the flooded area can be explained by this variable, which allows to conclude that the length of the rainy season is considered an auxiliary information in the explanation of some events that influence the total flooded area. From the bimesters analyzes, January/February (J/F) and February/March (F/M) presented a correlation of 0.71 and 0.62, respectively, explaining up to 50% the flooded areas variations in the biome. Related to trimesters, the January/February/March (J/F/M) months explained 61% the variations of flooded areas. Regarding the four-month periods analyzes, January/February/March/April (J/F/M/A) explained 69% of flooded areas. Related to semesters, October/November/Dezember/January/February/March (O/N/D/J/F/M) months showed a strong correlation of 0.81, explaining 66% of flooded areas. The flooding in Pantanal provides, in each cycle of the rainy season, different landscapes, altering and determining the Pantaneiro life rhythm that needs to be adjusted to the setbacks that arise every year, since a large part of the region inhabitants are linked to the agricultural activities and to tourism. Therefore, the understanding and analysis of this dynamism becomes an indispensable tool for the public government in ordering the urban growth, in defining policies for the risk areas occupation and in the economic zoning of the main activities of the biome.

The aim of this dissertation is to present a research developed with the students of the São Rafael Institute, located in the city Belo Horizonte, capital of the state of Minas Gerais, in the southeastern region of Brazil. The objective of the work was to investigate how the blind students of the São Rafael Institute organize and represent the space and how this knowledge could be used to deal with cartographic concepts. For this tactile models and maps of students lived places were built, such as a classroom and a school (Instituto São Rafael), using Tactile Cartography established techniques; were also conducted dialogues to investigate which reference the students use to move in the space; Requesting that the students represent in maps, their mental models and drawing images. The data were analyzed based on a Sociocultural Perspective proposed by Lev Semenovitch Vigotsky. The analysis results indicate that the blind students of the São Rafael Institute use on their space organization the organization: routes organization, space-time, attributive information, functional distance, the touch sense (Proprioception and somatosensory system), Hearing and Smell together with the higher psychic processes, and significant references points. The results and analyzes also indicate that in their representations the blind students use: the functional distance; Configurational organization; Spatial relationships between objects such as neighborhood, position, location, order, involvement, continuity; symbology and proportional reduction. The concepts used by blind students during the space organization and representation can be used for measure cartographic concepts such as scale, legend, orientation, three-dimensional representation and two-dimensional representation.We emphasize the importance of work with the daily closest places of the blind students life, from smaller physical environments to larger physical environments, not delivering didactic material as finished product, but creating problematic situations that instigate blind students to reflect about spatial relationships between the objects. Concluding that by researching how a blind person organizes and represents space, means to investigate the social relations that their has with the place, so it is important to listen to the learners in order to understand their organizations and the enunciation of their representations.

This research has as its theme the new relations between field-city and the creation of new spatiality / temporalities. The investigation of the theme is done through a case study (empirical) and a problem: to understand how the process of inclusion (or exclusion) of rural students in urban schools occurs, the challenges that these subjects face during the journey of studies and the influence of the curriculum and its discourse, given the differences present in the schools. In order to carry out the research, we chose one of the educational units belonging to the urban and central denomination of São João del-Rei / MG (SME / SJDR), whose profile was characterized by the presence of students from the rural area and, that allowed to know closely their daily practices. The central objective was to investigate the process of organizing geographic knowledge in basic schools through curricular theories (critical and post-critical), assuming that curriculum and education are processes of "regulation" and "emancipation". The fundamental elements that make up our methodology are centered in the dense descriptions, where we give "voice" to the subjects of our investigation, through their narratives; In critical and post-critical curriculum theories, and in the categories of geographical location and territory. The objectives and methods applied during the course of the research allowed us to verify that the knowledge and the school practices, which are materialized through the mechanisms and processes, guided by the formal curriculum, are led to fit a supposedly neutral knowledge regime, because in the Practice is shown to be pretentious and exclusive, in view of the objective imposition of goals, and specific rules, to form someone for something, making the school a learning enterprise. Therefore, we point to the curriculum as a "tool of social construction", rather than a naive document, as some want. We intend to show in the course of this work the influence of the traditional curriculum on the multiculturality present in the school community, responsible for hiding different groups, events and contexts, considering the use of specific themes and approaches, which are applied from a single point of view, Privileging the way of living the urban. Therefore, we consider that the
school has carried out a kidnapping of the "yes" experience of the rural students, since, in addition to condemning them to oblivion and backwardness, it has also contradicted their own profile, contributing to students' disinterest or conformism Which are not recognized in this system of education.

This study were carried, in two contrasting river basins, located in two regions of the globe: The Rio das Mortes basin, located in the southeastern region of Brazil, in the Minas Gerais state and the Shannon River Basin, located in the central region of Ireland. The purpose of this study was to evaluate together the landscape characteristics such as land use and occupation, through mapping of its classes; as the physical and hydrographic characteristics of the basins, raised through remote sensing and population dynamic, obtained through census data in both countries, and their influences on water quality in the main courses of the basins. For the data collection, LANDSAT 8 images and SRTM models were used together with other geotechnical techniques, mainly remote sensing. For the purposes of assessing the water quality data, it were used data from monitoring stations located in the main channel of the two river basins, the official agencies of the two countries were surveyed (ANA, for the Brazilian basin and EPA for the Irish basin). For the spatialization of the collected data a subdivision of the basins were performed as: (i) High Course, (ii) Medium Course and (iii) Low Course. The chemical characteristics demonstrated by each monitoring station and its changes along the main course were correlated to the predominant type of land use, population characteristics and the hydrographic and physical characteristics of each section of the basins. Thus, our results suggested that the anthropic influences in the land use of allied to physical and hydrographic factors were primordial aspects in the water quality alteration in both basins. Despite of the similar agricultural and population characteristics, the Rio das Mortes were extremely affected by urban uses due to the lack of domestic waste treatment, and the influence of miners on riparian areas, however during the flow of the main course the dilution in the concentration of pollutants were observed, mostly due to the discharges of the tributaries (coming from less populated areas). The Shannon River presented good quality near urban centers, due to waste treatment centers scattered throughout the basin, but an influence of diffuse points of agricultural pollutants discharge proved to be decisive in the quality of water in agricultural areas, especially those with more steep relief. Both basins presented side effects resulting from a history of uncontrolled and unplanned exploitation, changes in the management of these areas are required in order to preserve and conserve them.

Through the increase od the demand of agricultural areas, the Cerrado biome has become one of the most favorable environments for the expansion of the Brazzilian’s agricultural frontier. One of the consequences of the agriculture expansion in Cerrado is the deforestation and the increase of the number of fires, leading to the degradation and suppression of large areas of natural ecosystems in this biome. In this context, the use of remote sensing methods allows to evaluate land use and land cover changes and phenological modifications in vegetation. Consequently, the objective of this study was to analyze the spatial distribution of the burned areas in the Cerrado domain located in the northwest region of Bahia, Southwest region of Piaui, South region of Maranhão and Eastern region of Tocantins. For this purpose, the mapping of the burned areas in MODIS sensor images was performed for the 2012 to 2015 years, using the Linear Spectral Mixture Model (LSMM). To validate the burned areas estimated by MODIS images, the OLI sensor data of Landsat 8 satellite and LISS-III sensor of ResourceSat -1 satellite were used. From the burned areas derived of MODIS images, the frequency map was generated for the analyzed period. The rainfall data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) were used to verify the influence of rainfall on burning occurrence. In addition, the occurrence and frequency of burnings were analyzed in the conservation units and in the counties located in the study area. The validation of the estimated burned area presented correlation coefficients ranging from 0.68 to 0.93, representing an average of approximately 0.82 (significant at p<0,05, Student T test). The MODIS sensor overestimated the burned areas in aproximately 18%, when compared with the other sensors, mainly due to their spatial resolution and the occurrence of dark soils and flooded areas that can be confused with burn scars. From the mapping of the burned areas in MODIS sensor images, it was verified that the areas most affected by fires are Savannas, Grasslands and Woody Savannas, where 39% of the burnings occurred in the same area more than once between the years of 2012 to 2015. The precipitation data showed that the years with the lowest precipitation rates were also the years with the highest incidence of burned areas. Thus, it was verified that in drier period, the occurrence of fires become more frequent. In addition, it was verified that the fires are linked to the agricultural expansion frontier in the region, since these regions are used in the renovation of pastures and to open areas not yet converted.

This research analyzes the urban growth of the municipality of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais State, and the urban soil valuation in the period of expansion of the Federal University of São João del-Rei, in order to establish which areas of the city present greater real estate valuation and what are its possible causes, in what concerns the areas analyzed. We intend to understand the changes in the urban space of São João del-Rei, the expansion in the demand for residences, the lack of its offer and the consequent increase of the real estate speculation in the mentioned municipality, that is to say, to understand the changes in the forms of use and occupation of the soil in the city. For this, critical readings were made about urban expansion in Brazil and in the municipality under study. The main sources of data used were classified ads in the local newspaper entitled "Gazeta de São João del-Rei", from which we collected information on the sale of real estate (in the case of this study, lots) in the years 2005 and 2015. From survey and the organization of these data, it was established the value of the square meter of the land in several districts of the municipality during the studied period, observing the valorization in each of them. Data from the IBGE demographic census were also used. Tabulated and organized the data, we performed the critical analysis and the description of the results.

This research intends to analyze the contradictions existing in the capitalist production of the urban space and the housing policy in the city of São João Del-Rei, Minas Gerais. The research started from two hypotheses investigated here. In the capitalist mode of production, the production of space happens according to the logics of reproduction of capital through alliances between market and state. The first hypothesis is that whatever the size of the city, the capitalist reproduction of space operates from the same logic: segregating socio-spatially the different social classes through a joint action with the State. The second hypothesis is that the right to housing, reduced to the habitat, and does not guarantee the inhabitants of the housing estates the right to the city. The Brazilian urbanization process characterized by rapid population growth, resulted in the housing deficit, and the need to develop public policies to supply the demand for housing. Because of current policies and housing programs, there has been an increase in the production of built space, through the action of the real estate market and the State. This model is not restricted to large centers, but advances to the small towns, as is the case of São João Del-Rei. It is important to understand the production of the urban space of this municipality, because the housing policies are one of the main actions that cause the urban transformations in the small cities in recent moment. In addition, it allows the understanding of what these cities express for the current process of Brazilian urbanization. According to the proposed method, the research has three moments: the first will deal with the origins of the housing deficit and the performance of housing policies in Brazil and the second will describe the housing problem in São João Del-Rei. Finally, the third moment will discuss the idea that social housing causes part of the contradictions identified in the urban space of São João Del-Rei.

The objective of this work is to analyze how the teaching practices are arranged in the Pedagogical Projects of the Geography Courses of the Federal Universities in the State of Minas Gerais, as well as the importance of these disciplines in the articulation between theory and practice present in the initial formation of the graduates in Geography. For this, we analyzed official documents of the Ministry of Education related to teacher training, reference authors in teacher training and Basic Education, analysis of the Curricular Pedagogical Project, the realization of focus groups with students from the last periods of the Bachelor’s Degree in Geography in the Federal Universities of São João del-Rei, Alfenas and Belo Horizonte. The Teaching Practice Disciplines are important for the training of teachers since they are moments of pedagogical experience of the theoretical foundations of the disciplines arranged along the course. Based on what was diagnosed by the CNE Opinion CP 09 of 2001, on the National Curricular Guidelines for the training of Basic Education teachers and the new perspective from Resolution 02 of 2002, an analysis of the re-signification of the degrees in Geography was carried out understand the transition from the “3 + 1 model” to a new teaching methodology that has valued the Teaching Practice Disciplines. The technical training model has valued baccalaureate training at the expense of teacher training. The analysis of Resolution 02 of 2002 points out new paths for undergraduate degrees by guaranteeing 400 hours of pedagogical practice as a compulsory curricular component in undergraduate courses beyond 400 hours of Supervised Internship. We analyze the PPCs (Pedagogical Curricular Projects) of the Federal University Geography courses: UFSJ – Federal University of São João del-Rei, UNIFAL – Federal University of Alfenas, UFMG – Federal University of Minas Gerais, UFJF – Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Federal University of Uberlândia, UFM – Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, UFVJM – Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, UFOP – Federal University of Ouro Preto. From the reading and analysis of the PPCs, we observe the disposition of the Disciplines of Teaching Practices and compare the organization of the same ones from the menus of each of them. We conclude the work by analyzing the focus groups and the way in which the graduates have lived the Teaching Practices within the Geography Courses in the Federal Universities in the state of Minas Gerais